Assess Leadership Skills In An Organisation Management Essay

Assess Leadership Skills In An Organisation Management Essay in that location argon seven traits through which we toilet assess the lead port of an organizationA attracter should have an integrity, and must be a trust worthy person, so that people can rely on them, and because of this these people need a mentor, who will guide them towards their goals.A drawing card should be an optimistic person, because people doesnt want to take in a person etern onlyy counts negatively and ignore the positive check.A leader should be able to influence the change and should support the change, because if they dont accept the change, they might non grow.A leader should be able to take jeopardys, because if they are not a risk taker, then they are not the leaders. A leader is a person who has uninfected a showing of what can be achieved by taking a risk and how it might benefit their follower and prepare them for better tomorrow.A leader should be tenacious, i.e. they should not give up and keep on trying unless they reach their goals.A leader should be able to motivate others, and keep them wr etceteraed towards the achievement of their desired goals.A leader should be dedicated and committed towards the achievement of their goals.1REVIEW THE LEADERSHIP IN BA AND TESCOFrom my observations of Tesco is using participative leaders trend and their principal style as a participative leader appeared to be consultative in approach where most decisions were conferred with team members before final decisions were being do by them. As a result, maintaining lines of open communication within Tesco created an environment of warmth, friendliness, trust and stirred up support and this communication and exploitation relationship with followers is con cheekred as an effective leadershipHowever, on the other side BA leadership style was also consultative, but it was not always consultative. There were times where his style did appear to change, and the reason might be lack o f self awareness, motive, empathy and emotional inteligence. These circumstances were mainly apparent when dealing with other leaders (consensus) and members of his team that were perceive to be lacking in motivation (authoritarian). Although, Johnson and Scholes, point out in their book of corporate governance that this approach is relevant to the leaders who has a shell out of experience, common sense and emotional intelligence to be effective leader.FUTURE REQUIREMENTS OF LEADERSHIPThe 21st century the leaders should be creative and modern, because new ideas can bring success to the organization, and therefore it should be the mission of every leader should to look for innovative ideas regularly, which is completely new than that of an organization which is currently committed to.These innovative ideas come from having deeper understanding of customers and market, and they go beyond the customers expectations and fulfill their needs.According to Gratton, there are four upcom ing requirements of leadership which could be useful for New-Line GenX.Dream together with The futurity leaders should onlyow people to work interdependently but it has to be within the companys general framework and identify a work and co-ordinate the major themes for action.Balance the short term with the longer term The incoming leaders should build a vision for the future through the engages people and let them understand for the future roleValue people The future leaders should treat people with respect and allow them to put forward their ideas and obtained trust and diagnose sealed that their ideas will be valued and they can view a differenceUnderstand of the reality of the organization The future leaders should build a model of the organization that is of high level trust, inspiration, and commitment develop an understanding of process of fairness and justice and recognise the workforces perception of consistency, integrity and pride2.Moreover, future leadership wil l have to learn an entirely new skills and competency skills.Generate and Sustain trust Trust is powerful and ingredients of competencies, fairness, caring constancy and authenticity, these all are valuable for the future requirements of leadership and management for New-Line GenX.Intimate allies The future leaders needs to create respect, dignity and culture improvised.Power of Appreciation The future leaders needs to appreciation good work done by the employees and this is powerful motivator to take challenge by the employees for the new adventures.What is important The future leaders should remind people of what is important for the organisation and value to work and collective focused strategy of the company.It is therefore, the above points need to be considered by New-Line GenX for the future requirements of leadership and management.TASK VDEVELOP A PLAN WHICH WOULD SUITABLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEADERSHIP SKILLS IN YOUR CHOSEN ENVIRONMENTIt is absolute necessary to make tea m work in order to improve operational procedures and efficiency in the operations of Tesco and BA. Leadership required personal strength to motivate all the employees together. Thus, Tesco and BA have required to an act together in all department such as warehouse, web-design, sales, back-office, company senior management, marketing and other functions etc. Leaders need to motivate and equally inspire all the employees by using equal amounts of extrinsic and intrinsic techniques. In addition, leader needs to make sure that different people can take different amounts of each extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. However, experience is most significant qualities to direct participation in all activities of the organization3. It is advisable to both companies to be presented the board of management that the four many type of leadership style can be advantageous for them.To be a great leader the author think that you have to have many qualities, the most important of which are charisma, motivation, experience and most of all fantastic communication skills. It is therefore, it has advisable to both the companies consider to focus on New Leadership Theories rather than old traditional theories such as Fielders incident and Path-Goal Leadership Theory. Managers need to develop a business by facing the challenges, involve all the employees in decision making process and taking risk if needed.DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONAL SKILLSFirst of all there should be the clear understanding of qualities required for an effective leaders, and these qualities areEnthusiasm A leader should be able to get things done, which they can communicate to other people.Confidence A leader should believe in themselves, as this can be sensed by other people.Toughness A leader should be resilient, tenacious, and demanding high standards.Integrity A leader should have personal wholeness, soundness, and honesty, which can inspire trust.Warmth A leader should be in personal relationship, caring for people and being considerate.Humility A leader should be willingness to listen and take the blame not being arrogant and overbearing.In addition to all of the above quality, a leader should also be motivational, and should also posses high level of emotional intelligence.There are various methods used to develop leadership skillThe first thing to do as a leader is to ask for the feedback from their team, on what they think about their leadership style.They should listen carefully to their team members about their work related worries, because it is said that great leaders are great listeners.A leader should take complete responsibility of how they are being heard, and their message to their team should be clearly understood by their team members.The most important part of developing leadership skill is to learn to respect their teams hard work.A leader should lead their team with an integrity.A leader should involve their team members and cover the task among their team depending on the situation and individual capabilities.Finally a leader should focus on developing their skills, and this will enable them to improve motivation as well as team performance.4CONCLUSIONAfter researching on this assignment I would like to conclude that leadership plays an important role in the development of an organization. I also found that both the organizations Tesco and British Airways has a great leadership styles, whereby Tesco is using participative leadership style, through which it had created an environment of warmth, friendliness, trust and emotional support under the leadership of Sir Terry Leahy, Chief Executive of Tesco, the company has experienced enormous growth and is one of the largest supermarket in the UK. Whereas on the other side the leadership of British Airways was also consultative, but kept on changing. But finally I would say that both of these organization should keep on developing their skills and acquiring new skills that will enable them to compe te in this fast pace of global economic climate. I am also sure that, if the directors of New-Line GenX follow the leadership theory and implement them in their organization, will enable them to have a better future of New-Line GenX.

Stages of the Purchasing Decision Process

Stages of the purchasing Decision ProcessP-1 Describe the main stages of the purchasing closing making transitBusiness get decision affectBusiness get decision do work consists of the following steps. trouble recognitionGeneral conduct description ingathering specificationSupplier search proffer solicitationSupplier selectionOrder single-valued function specificationPerformance review(Kotler, Armstrong, 2008)Problem recognition It will occur when an constitution recognizes a problem or need that tail assembly be meet by bargaining a harvest-home or service.General need description Lets assume that an organization wants to improve its go or products soin this step characteristics of the services and products needed atomic number 18 explicitly expressed.Product specification after(prenominal) the pervious step an organization will express the specification of the product or services which will be of course through with(p) with the consultation of the engineering or tec hnical team.Supplier search In this step an organization will search for the supplier of the halcyons needed this can be d whiz by reviewing trade forthwithories or by doing computer search. It will obviously short list those sensation who has good reputation and offers best deals.Proposal solicitation Once the search is complete then an organization will invite suppliers to submit their proposal, in this case presentation by the supplier baron be needed.Supplier selection In this step the organization will terminalize the supplier. Factors equal agonistical prices, h angiotensin-converting enzymest communication, quality products and services etc ar of bully importance in this regard.Order routine specification At this stage the organization management will prepargon an pasture-routine specification. It will too incorporate final order with selected supplier and list of other elements technical services after sales required, date of delivery return polices and warrantie s etc.Performance review After order-routine specification in this step organization will assess the performance of the suppliers products or services. This may lead organization to keep on, change, of drop the arrangement with the supplier.Consumer defileing decision processConsumer dealing decision process consists of the following stepsNeed recognitionInformation searchmilitary rating of alternativesPurchase decision situation Purchase manner(Kotler, Armstrong, 2008)Need recognition The process starts with need recognition the emptor feels that he should put one across the specific products or services in order to fulfill his need. The argue behind this can be internal stimuli i.e. need to fulfill and external stimuli i.e. products or services ads.Information search An interested look intending to buy products or services will search for information regarding various companies offering those products or services. He will use sources manage internet, friends etc.Evaluation of alternativesThe merchandise concourse of companies need to know about(predicate) how various consumers evaluate products or services well the process is non easy to scan. Here the consumers index keep the following points of valuation criteria prices, quality, and print.Purchase decision Normally the consumer is suppose to buy that product or service which up to highest level fulfill his evaluation criteria but even at this stage comparable factor strength alter consumers decisions.Post Purchase behavior Consumers buying decision process does non end with the purchase of the product or service it engages it egotism in post-purchase process. This determines whether the buyer is well-off with product or service bought or not. If satisfied then good word mouth will happen and vice versa. Consumers satisfaction, dissatisfaction or delightedness depends upon buyer expectations and the product or service quality sensed performance.P-2 Identify approaches and theories of buyer behavior in terms of 1-on-ones and martsThe basic purpose of marketing is to affect how customers think about the organization and about its products. To affect whats, whens, and hows of the buying behavior, marketing managers should get-go take c atomic number 18 the whys. Buying behavior is very hard to netherstand yet it is extremely important problem that marketer need to perform. If a marketer can divulge buying behavior of its target audience, he or she will be in a better position to target products and services at them. emptor behavior is focused upon the needs of singulars, root words and organizations.Talking about buyer fundamentally on that point are deuce types of buyers recognized the first gear is the Ultimate consumers and the second one is business buyers (in this outcome markets refers to business buyers).Ultimate Consumers Those individuals and households who buy good and services for personal consumption.Business buyer Those firms that buy goods and services for the use in the intersection of their products and services or for the purpose of reselling and renting them to others at a profit.Approaches used to alter target audience buying behaviorModel for Consumer behaviorFor companies the buying decision is the around crucial element for their entire organization. The or so prominent question in the regard is that how do consumers respond to different marketing activities that a firm might use? The first step in finding the solution to this important question can be stimulus response prototype of consumer buying behavior. This model suggests that marketing efforts and other stimuli enter the consumers black box and produce certain responses. Marketers must understand what is their in that black box.Marketing stimuli consists of quartet Ps and includes other major environmental forces and actors like economic, technological etc. All these inputs go in the black box, where these efforts are converted into various respons es like product choice, dealer choice, purchase timing etc.The important thing that marketers need to figure out is that what is there in black box. It has twp parts first buyers characteristics do work how he or she perceives and reacts to the stimuli. Secondly the buyers decision itself affects the buyer behavior.(Kotler, Armstrong, 2008)Model for business buyersThis model helps the marketers to understand that how business buyers will respond to various marketing stimuli. The marketing and the other stimuli which are carved in order to affect buyer behavior are mistakable to the consumer model. How ever the expected responses are particular bit different which include Product or service choice, supplier choice, order quantity etc. the biggest deviation between consumer and business model is the difference between the factors and people which alter and perform buying process. With in the organization purchasing those goods consists two major parts the buying center i.e. the pe ople who defend the ultimate decision and buying process. This approach suggests tetrad questions about business buyer behavior. What buying decisions do business buyers make? Who participates in the buying process? What are the major factors that influence buying process? How does an organization make its buying decision?(Kotler, Armstrong, 2008)Types of individual and business buying behavior situationTypes of individual buying behavior situationsComplex buying behavior in this type of buying the situation the consumer is highly involved in the purchase process and there is a clear perceived different among various brands. For example if virtuallyone intends to buy an insurance policy in this case he is highly involved in the process along with having significant information about various companies.Dissonance- reducing buying behavior when the consumer is highly involved in the purchase process but he k raw(a) very little about companies offering that particular good i.e. he c annot differentiate brands for example in Pakistan if soul intend to buy a dry cleaner in this case he or she may deeply involve in the buying but having very little information about the brands.Habitual buying behavior this type of buying process incurs when there is low involvement of consumer and the buyer has few significant perceived differences about brands.Variety seeking buyer behavior It occurs under the condition of low consumer involvement in the purchasing process but having significant experience about different brand. For example buying a cold drink.Types of Business buying behavior situationsStraight re-buy an organization buying things in a routine order without each modification. For example if a car company buys tires on routine basis without any medication.Modified re-buy in this buying situation the buyer reorders something but along with instructions of some modification. For example if Car Company reorders tires but with some modifications lets say with goo d quality rubber.New-Task when a business buys any product or service for the first date this type of buying situation is called new task. For example if a Car company diversify and buy machine for tire manufacturing.System selling Purchasing a packaged solution to some problem for single seller as a guide ignoring all the separate decision involved in a complex buying situation. This is often a key marketing strategy for availing and retaining business accounts.(Kotler, Armstrong, 2008)Theories regarding individual and business buying behaviorMaslows theory of MotivationAbraham Maslows through his known theory explained that how human beings are motivated by particular needs at particular times. He argued that all behaviors start with a need physical needs companionable acceptances are examples of needs. Why does a person spend so much of bills and time on personal security and on gaining social status? His answer to this is that human needs are arranged in hierarchy from the most compelling one in the start and the least compelling one at the end. These needs include physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, respect needs and self actualization needs.An individual tires to attain such kernel through the most pressing (physiological needs) needs can be satisfied once one levels needs are sufficiently enough satisfied then an individual will endeavor to satisfy the next levels needs like for example any body physical and security needs should be satisfied sufficient enough in order to get telecom services as this services can be related to belongings level because many people buy this service in order to communicate.(Maslow, Blogger, 1954)Freud was psychologist he believed that people are largely unaware about the actual psychological forces shaping their behavior. He observed that people while growing up keep at bottom many urges which are never rund or under full control they are expressed in dreams, slips of tongue etc, or some times in psyc hoses.His theory suggested that human beings buying decisions are influenced by subconscious occasions that the purchaser may not fully understand. For example if any person buys a Mercedes might say that I have bought it because its very comfortable and make status statement. At a deeper level the actual reason might be to eliminate the feel of inferiority.(Kotler, Armstrong, 2008)P-3 Explain the factors that affect buyer behaviorAs explained earlier that there are two types of buyer who are the ultimate consumer and second one is business buyer here factors that influence there buying behavior is explained separately for both.Factors that affect final consumers buying behaviorConsumer behavior is deeply stirred by cultural, social, personal, and psychological characteristics these factors at most of the time are uncontrollable. These factors are explained in detail which is as followsCultural factorsCulture Culture is basic reason behind any person wants and behavior. Human bein gs behavior is mostly learned. As time passes our cultivation is becoming more than materialistic which implies that people will buy more electronic and other technological goods so changing culture is a bit difficult for those firms which are not advanced technologically.Subculture Each culture has smaller subcultures. It is basically a group of people who have same value system ground on ordinary life experience and conditions. favorable class Social classes are a societys permanent and arranged sections whose members beliefs in common values, interests and ways of doing things. It is not determined by property on element in mind like income rather factors like parentage, income, education, wealth, and other variables are kept in mind.Social factorsGroups A persons way of doing things is also altered by the group to which he belongs. Group can affect firms target audience in some way or other.Reference group Reference group for a person is that group to which he admires. It s erve wither in straight (face to face) or indirect point of judgment or reference in forming a persons attitude or behavior. People most of times are influenced by reference group to which they do not belong.Family It is the most significant consumer buying unit in a society and it has been interrogationed widely. Marketing managers must pay a great deal of attention to the roles of consumers which deeply influence the purchase decision while buying products or services to themselves.Roles and status A person at the same time belongs to different groups- family, organization, clubs, etc. A role consists of actions that one is suppose to execute according to environment around him or her. Very role contain a status representing the general esteem given to it by society.Personal factorsAge and life cycle stage Choices of food, clothes, etc are often age related. People change their buying habits with changes in their age. Purchasing is also influenced by the stage of the family life cycle- the stages through which families might.Occupation An individual occupation influence the choice of goods and services bought.Economic situation A persons buying pattern is affected by economic situation in a very significant manner. For example economy of Pakistan is in a worst lick so people will have slight money to spend which they will buy products or services too so this factor is rattling important for firms.Life styles life style is a person way of living presented in this or her psychographics. Individuals which belong to same culture, subculture, social class and occupation may have different life style. Life style portrays something more than on persons social class or personality. personality and self concept Personality means the distinct psychological attributes that lead to comparatively consistent and lasting responses to ones own world. Each person distinct personality put and effect on his or her buying pattern. It is usually described in term traits like self confidence, autonomy, adaptability and aggressiveness.Many marketers utilize a notion related to personality i.e. self concept. The idea which self concept convey is that people possessions contribute to and reflect their identities that is we are what we have. Hence to understand your target audience psyche first you must understand the relationship between self concept and possessions.Psychological factorsMotivation Human beings at the same time have many needs. more or less are biological such as hunger, thirst or discomfort others are physiological, arising from the need of recognition, esteem, or belonging. A need transformed into a motive when its deficiency is experienced up to an intense level thus compelling a person to satisfy it. Two famous theory regarding motivation were proposed by Sigmund friend and Abraham Maslow.Perception It is the procedure by which human being select, organize, and interpret information to form meaningful picture of the world. If for examp le people perceive a firm as a good company so more and more people will buy its products or services as its vivacious customers will suggest it to others.Learning When people take action they learn. Learning is basically changes in the individuals behavior as a consequence of experience. It incurs when on interacts with stimuli, cues, responses and reinforcement. When one buy firms products or services and or respond to its advertisements and if he/she found the sayings of firm correct so consumers will learn about its products and services in a positive manner and vice versa.Beliefs and attitude A belief is an expressive thought that a person has about something. It may be based upon real knowledge, opinion, or faith and it also may or may not have an emotional factor. It is of great importance to any firm marketers because it shapes its brand image that alters purchasing decision.Attitudes are comparatively consistent evaluations, feeling, and tendencies toward object or idea. I t structures people liking and disliking patterns. Changing someone attitudes is a very hard task to perform.P-4 Evaluate the relationship between brand loyalty, corporate image, and twin purchaseBefore explaining the relationship between these three elements first its definition one should understand its definitions.Brand loyalty brands that consumer generally buy from the same manufacturer repeatedly over time rather that buying it from multiple suppliers within the category. It also refers to the grade to which consumers consistently purchase the same brand within the product class.(12manage)Corporate image The perceptions and impressions of an organization by the public as a result of interaction with the organization and the way the organization presents itself. Organizations have traditionally focused on the design of communication and advertise materials, using logos, symbols, text, and color to create a favorable impression on target groups, but a variety of additional a ctivities contribute to a positive corporate image these include PR programs.(CBS interactional Business Network) fix (the way the consumer perceive you or in simple words corporate image) of a company is affected byPerformance of an organizationFeatures of products or servicesShape of firms offeringDistribution channel usedLocation of a company offices and outletsCountries of origin i.e. the country where organizations headquarter are located. For example France is famous for perfumes so some company office is there so it is obvious that people will perceive it in a positive manner. This factor has been discussed deeply by famous Harvard professor Michael E Porter in his book Competitive Advantage of Nations.A company that mismanages or ignores its image is likely to resonate a variety of problems. Reputation problems grow like weed in a garden, Davis Young wrote in his book Building Your Companys Good Name. Four types of positioning error can occurUnder positioning in this condi tion firm is not able to portray full benefits of its offerings.Over Positioning in such status quo company narrow its image in the mind of consumers.Confused Positioning consumers are confused that what does this company really offers and to whom.Doubtful Positioning in this situation buyers are skeptical that whether whatever the company is saying is true or not.Repeat purchase This term is referred to the notion when customer buys the same brand purchased by him on the previous occasion also called repurchase. Brand loyalty can be calculated by a pattern of repeat purchases. For retaining (repeat purchasing) so that consumers buy your product again and again the business should produce better product then their competitors.P-5 Review and evaluate different type of market seek techniques?Marketing research is a systematic design of collection, analysis and reporting of data in order to improve management decision by providing relevant, accurate, and timely (RAT) information.(Aak er, Kumar and Day, 2005 p.no.1)Marketing researchers prosecute different kinds of research techniques in order to meet their research objective. The following are different kinds of marketing research techniques which are discussed and evaluated in detail belowQualitative marketing research techniquesObservational marketing research techniqueDifferent surveys techniques (Quantitative methods)ExperimentationQualitative marketing research techniques These methods are less structures and more flexible. Data poised from these kind of marketing research techniques is very rich and deep because of the longer and flexible relationship with the respondents which implies more chances of new insights and perspectives. There are three main areas where these techniques can be engaged.Exploratory defining the problem, suggesting hypothesis etc.Orientation learning more about consumer real motives the way the think.Clinical having and insight in to such issues that otherwise is might not be p ossible to know with structured research methods.So for the following qualitative marketing research techniques have been identified and employed by researchers.Individual in-depth interviewsFocus group sessionProjective techniquesIndividual in-depth interviews These types of interviews are employed by having a face to face contact with the respondents in which an issue is discussed in great details. There are two basic types of individual in depth interviews which are nondirective and semi structured. In nondirective interviews the interviewee is given full freedom to respond within the limits of issue under discussion, such sessions are one to two hour long. In semi structured interviews the researcher attempt to explore only those area which are on his list. The time and exact wording are pre decided for each question to be discussed.AdvantagesStudies can be conducted in remote area through telephone in depth interview.Data gathered is rich and deep because of the time consumed.F ocus on research issue.More value it helps the researcher to find unconscious motivational factors.Semi structured interviews are very flexible to interview busy executive because time and wording is pre decided.DisadvantagesTime consuming because most of time these sessions are conducted for 1 to 2 hours. bother regarding record keeping most of people especially executives dont like tape recorders.As very few people are considered for the research so it means a poor representative of the whole populationThis type of techniques requires very skilled researcher which might become a problem in some situations.Focus group sessions It is the process of attaining possible idea or solutions to a marketing issue from a group of people by discussing it. The basic elements which makes a focus group session successful or flop is group interaction on a chain of topics introduced by a moderator. The group include consists of five to nine members who are encouraged to express their opinion on th e issue, and to further explain or react with the views of other respondents. The main aim is similar to unstructured interview but the moderator plays a more inactive role in the discussion.AdvantagesIt provides more encouragement than an in depth interview which results in new perspectives.People speak out in these sessions because of a sense of security by being in a crowd (group behavior).More depth as it names explains that these session are focused on one issue which means more value and deepness in the data.Sparking some time one person views sparks a new idea in another respondents mind which is unlikely to happen in depth interviews.DisadvantagesTime consuming as these sessions are conducted for 2 to 3 hours.Again the respondents selected might not a better representation of the population.Poorly conducted session leads towards wrong results which mean waste of time and moneyIts comprise is very high.Analysis and interpretation of the data collected is very complex because of dispersion in the respondents opinions.Projective techniques This technique is employed by presenting an ambiguous, unstructured object, activity, or person that a respondent is asked to explain. Respondents involvement is directly proportional to level of ambiguity which will result in hidden motives and feeling. This technique become a part of whole research design when it is expected that a populations sample will not or cannot respond expressively to a direct questions about the reason for certain behavior and about the motives behind buying certain products. It has different kinds for example word association, picture interpretation, case studies etc.AdvantagesIt is used by researchers where other techniques cannot be used to obtain the research objective i.e. it helps to determine hidden consumer motives.By using this technique a marketer can identify opportunities for really new functions in any product category.The word association technique has been very useful for obt aining responses to potential brand names.Strong control on research information as it is a simulation test so it wholly depends upon the researcher that where he want to take the research.DisadvantagesVery difficult to employ because of its complexities and skill requirement for the researcher.It might be very hard find the right persons for these tests.It might not be possible to employ this research method in some parts of the world because of the technology requirement for these tests. appraisal taken from (Aaker, Kumar and Day, marketing research, 2005)Observational marketing research technique Observational research or field research is research technique that involves the direct musing of people in their natural setting. There are many types of observational methods which have been identified and implemented by researchers. These methods have yielded very good results. Some organization believe very much in observational methods for example Swedish home appliances maker Elec trolux.These techniques are widely used in retail store audits, shelf space audit etc. its different kinds are direct observation, contrived observation, Content analysis, Physical trace methods, etc. These methods are limited to providing information on current behavior. Due to this strong argument many researchers do not use these methods. However there are some strong reasons that why observational research should be used in overall research design. Some of the reasons are as followCausal observation is an important exploratory research technique. Organization managers constantly observe factors such as competitive prices and advertising activities the length of lines of buyer waiting to buy products of that particular company and read trade journal in order identify threats and opportunities.Systematic observation can be fruitful addition to other research methods. For example during a personal interview if a researcher observe the respondents race, his neighborhood, and other c onditions under which he lives so it this data can supplement his analysis .It can be some time the most effect way to check the strong point of some activities. For example it can help a researcher to observe in store traffic pattern, check the effectiveness of in store advertising etc.AdvantagesIt is probably the less expensive if compared with other research methods.The data achieved through this method is most accurate because the consumers is un-aware that he is been observed so every(prenominal) action is original.Some time the observation is the only method that can employed. This is the case with infant children they are not able to clearly identify their choices so observing them is the only choice.Physical trace method tough used very rarely is also sometimes the only option left. For example if someone want to measure the amount of Alcohol consumed in Peshawar so it can only measured by counting the bottles in carbides because officially Alcohol is not allowed for sale in Peshawar.DisadvantagesObservational methods only observe current behavior they cannot observe human motives, attitudes, or indentations.It may be sometimes very pricey and time consuming if there is a sample problems of the research is supposed to highly subjective.It cannot be used to study cognitive or affective variables.Idea taken from (Aaker, Kumar and Day, marketing research, 2005)Different surveys techniques (Quantitative methods) Following are the different kinds of survey techniquesPersonal interviewingTelephone interviewingMail surveysWeb surveysPersonal interviewing It is characterized by the interaction of the four elements the researchers, the interviewers, the interviewee and the interview environment. While a personal interview the interviewer interact with interviewee and at the same time affect on another in an interview environment. opening to door interviews, executives interviews, Mall intercept surveys self- administrated questionnaires, etc are the types o f this kind of techniques.AdvantagesInterest can created in the start through face to face interaction with respondents which will enlarge the participation rate.This mode of research can very useful when respondents are asked complex questions. This problem can be eliminated by showing him pictorial aids.It is the most feasible option when large amount of data is required and the questionnaires contain complex questions.This type of method has got more flexibility. Some questions can be skipped by the researcher in order to save time if needed.DisadvantagesPersonal interviews are time consuming.It cost a lot as it is administrated for large samples.Because of time and cost expenditures per person it cost more than mail or telephone surveys.Telephone interviewing It is generally more like personal interviewing expect some elements are unique. Its process includes selecting the telephone numbers, the call outcomes, the introduction, when to call and call reports. This is gradually b ecoming the widespread method for obtaining information from large sample.AdvantagesIt has got more operational flexibility as it can administrated from central place in appropriate hours or from the examiner home.It less time consuming as more interviews can be conducted in less time.Time can be better utilized for example if the survey is based on teenagers so one can call on that time on which they are expected to be at home.It is more efficient than other metho

Red Badge Of Courage Essay -- essays research papers

Death, Blood and Destruction     The Red Badge of Courage, a Civil War novel by Stephen Crane, may be examined on various levels. One of those levels is a story about the cruelty and disasters of war. Young total heat Flemming, the protagonist, has dreamed his whole life of being in the multitude and despite his mothers discouragement, he enlists with a Union regiment. Soon learning that the army is a big bore, Henry begins to view himself "merely as a musical composition of a vast blue demonstration". Clearly, Henry does not know why he is going to fight, he just knows that he is part of a large group of men. As the novel unfolds, it is plain that Crane is writing about the horrors and tragedies of war, even by using the idea of contrasting the events of the war with nature. Although many an(prenominal) critics have viewed the book as a naturalistic or realistic novel, some specific examples can describe how it relates to the anti-war theme. &nbs p        As Henry is on curb duty one evening, he converses across the river with a Confederate soldier. "The youth liked him personally," says Crane. Henrys feeling towards his enemy shows that he is unclear about the wars purpose. At this post Henry probably would like to flee home. Henry is seeing the enemy as real and humane. He then describes how he feels shame about the war. Henry definitely knows that the war is wrong and that the people that have died and the soldier...

Theme of Self Confidence in Literature Essay -- Literature Theme Analy

Theme of ego Confidence in LiteratureSpirit of self shows self agency. In the stories of The Life of a Slave by Frederick Douglass and The Invisible Man (The cashier, The Battle Royale) by Ralph Ellison with shorts stories of Black Elk Speaks (High cater, Crazy Horse and Pipe Boyhood) Translated by Jim Neidhardt all(prenominal) have characteristics of self confidence. Self Confidence comes from the spirit of self which is the belief of what you have, the essence that keeps you going and the ability to persevere when others do not. These stories contain a narrator and a story of their prehistoric experiences. In Black Elk Speaks, several of his short stories (Crazy Horse, Early Boyhood and The Offering of the Pipe) tells us about Black Elks experience as a Native American and how his Native tribe has gone through a lot to fight against their enemy, the wasichus. Theyve been fighting for their right, their freedom except in the offering of the pipe, he tells the story of how a b eautiful lady gave a pipe to the chief and it contains nothing but good coming out of it. Another short story called High Horse Courting is about how High Horse is deeply in love with a beautiful Native American and to get the girl in any(prenominal) possible way. The Life of a Slave is about the livelihood of Frederick Douglass and how Mr. Covey treats him as a slave when he is young. Lastly, the Narrator from the Battle Royale is about the Narrator wanting to achieve his dream to orate his speech to the people and get a scholarship to a college where he achieves his dream for his future, but first he is told to fight in a ring with a bunch of strong, tall people being blindfold and win in order to get his wish. only of these stories contain characteristics which h... ...he definition of Spirit of Self. These stories show perseverance, a belief of purpose. They show Self Confidence, belief of yourself and your own abilities and Lastly, they show essence, to characterize or iden tify something. These characteristics all achieves their dream and never wanting to stop. There are people in the world try to stop on what you want to do in life but their soul, mind and imagination they drive to be where they want to be. Its not all about having everything in the world nor having money and success that a authorized person dont deserve. Its about you gaining your goal, achieving your dream and drive to get where you want to be. Thats how Spirit of Self concludes. Itll always remain its placed definition the belief of self confidence you have in you, your essence that keeps you going in the world and the ability to persevere when others dont.

Should Parents Lose Custody of Extremely Obese Kids? Essay -- Child Ob

In the recent decades, obesity has grown into a major health loose in the United States within young people. With 31 percent of the United States of kidskinren being obese, the United States has become the country with the grittyest rate of obesity in the world. fleshiness is not only found among adults, but it is also now found mainly among children and teenagers. The childhood is a very important period for the initiation of obesity especially in this time. Eating practices that children are taught or learn during childhood affects a person later in their life whether they know or not. triune studies have confirmed that childhood obesity in the U.S has been on a rise for years. One out of three children in the U.S are obese, most of them impertinence a higher risk of having medical, social and academic problems. childhood obesity also leads to many health problems among young people. Those problems include diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and many more others. These problems cause a rise in health care costs that their families might have to pay sooner or later. The influence of parents and the media play a big role in causing these problems to happen. Some people believe that a family with an obese child should not hiking child protection concerns if obesity is the only cause for concern (Callaghan, 2010). However, doctors should always be mindful of the possible role of abuse or neglect in contributing to obesity. The result of some research that was done on the symptoms of neglect shows a clear correlation between childhood abuse and obesity in childhood. A study of American school children has found that after controlling for socioeconomic status, those who were physically abused were more likely to be obese (Callaghan, 201... ...nment handling for a Childhood Epidemic. Washington Post. The Washington Post, 29 Nov. 2011. Web. 06 May 2012.Easterling, Kelli. Should Government Protect Obese Kids from Parents? McClatchy-Tribune Inform ation Services, 19 July 2011. Web. 06 May 2012. Hellmich, Nanci, Report maps out solutions to child obesity. USA Today n.d. MAS ULTRA-School Edition. Web. 6 May 2012. Holden, Diana. Fact Check The Cost of Obesity. CNN. Cable News Network, 09 Feb. 2010. Web. 06 May 2012.Media and Childhood Obesity. FCC.gov. Federal Communications Commission. Web. 06 May 2012. Tanner, Lindsey. Should Parents have Custody of Extremely Obese Kids? The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 12 July 2011. Web. 06 May 2012.The Impact of Food Advertising on Childhood Obesity. The Impact of Food Advertising on Childhood Obesity. Web. 06 May 2012.

Othello the Tragic Hero Essay -- essays research papers

Jealously, Often this trait takes people over, controls their thoughts and persuades them to do stupid things. William Shakespeare represent this flaw extremly well in the play Othello. IN the play, Othello, is a character who seems almost perfect, but his flaw jealousy is brought out but his trusted swain Iago. This trait makes Othello the tragic hero due to the fact that he sacrifices his life in good name.When being accused of witchcraft by Barbantio ( Desdemonas father) and senators he corpse in control and courageous. Most potent, grave, and reverend signors.... Rude I am in speech And little blessed with the soft phrase of peace (1.3.91-97)This is an showcase of how he have a go at its Desdemona truly . He explains this with style, control, courage, and grace. Also in (1.3.47) it is showed that he is respected Here comes Barbantio and the valiant Moor. Iagos plot to ruin Othello starts to show up in the very beginning of the book when he angers Barbantio with the news of the Moors marriage to Desdemona ( Barbantios daughter). I am one,sir, who comes to tell you, your daughter and the Moor are making the beast with two backs.(1.1.128-131) This news angers Barbantio very much because he was not infromed of his daughters courtship to Othello and feels betrayed by Desdemona. Also he does not like the fact that Othello is of different race than he is. Another quote that shows Iago wants to ruin Othello is in Act 1 scene 1 line(s)4-42 Sblood,but youll not hear me ....To love the Moor.This quote shows Iagos hatred for Othello because he appointed Michael Cassio as his ancient and no... ...at he had killed his love. Iago winds up killing Emelia because she told Othello the truth about the handkerchief. Since Othello tires to kill Iago, but fails, he kills himself. Iago winds up going to jail to be tortured. Othello paid the ultimate price. His life.In conclusion Othello is the tragic hero because he was essentiall y perfect, except for his major flaw. Jealousy. This flaw eventually leads to his downfall, the killing of his faithful wife( at odds(p) to what he thought) and himself. This play should open everyones eyes about trusting people and having facts before you jump to conclusions. Remember jealousy is the green eyed monster that causes everyone you love pain and suffering. O, Beware, my lord, of jealousy It is the green eyed monster wich doth mockThe meat it feeds on(Iago.3.3.194-196)

How Birth Order Affects One’s Personality Essay -- Personality Psychol

How Birth Order Affects Ones Personality Everyone in the world is born with a special and unique character. Some of their personality is wrought by their surroundings as they go up as well as the factor of genetics. It is believed by some psychologists/researchers that birth order has a disposal to influence parts of the personality. Birth order isnt a simplistic 1-2-3 system that says all first borns are equally one way, all irregular barbarianren are another and last-born kids are invariably just like this or that. These are simply tendencies and general characteristics that often apply. There are dynamics with families that batch change relationships. Through your position in the family you develop your behavior pattern, way of thinking and emotional response. Your birth order supports determine your expectations, your strategies for dealing with people and your weaknesses. Reasons for be interested in Birth order is because it is one way to gain an understanding of friends, family members, boy friends, really anyone you wanted to try to scope out. Unfortunately thither arent any fortune cards or magic spells to understand family and friends. Knowing and understanding birth order can not precisely help you understand other people but yourself included. The only- child develops characteristics from having to cope with playing alone and with having to fend off adult intrusion. Only children tend to feel thwart and throw tantrums when not pleased. They love to say Leave me alone, Id rather do it myself They tend to have imaginary companions and feel as if the child within was smothered because they had to grow up so quickly. Therefore in turn allow their own children time and space. As well as always being an emotional and considerate friend that loves to listen. First borns tend to be goal setters and high achievers. Along with being perfectionists who are very responsible, organized and set people. They are rule keepers and follow all the details. The first born is an only child until the second child comes to take away the mothers attention. The only child becomes a first born feeling there is no love for him or her. In school, first-borns tend to work harder for grades than do later-borns. They often grow to be more competitive and to have higher educational and career aspirations. Any enumeration of prominent people, em... ...e effects all of the childrens personalities. Not everyones personalities match that of their birth order. Variables can affect each family situation. These variables include spacing, the finish up of the child (there are actually 12 different types of personalities due to sex coinsiding with birth- order.), the sex of the child, physical differences, disabilities, the birth order position of parents, any blending of two or more families due to death or divorce and the relationship surrounded by parents. There are many different studies that have been made dealing with birth order. Each one differs slightly from the next. Some of the studies are completely opponent each other. I have tried to compile ones that are relatively similar. sourceswww.rayid.com/main/sibling.htmJoman,(1993)Family Constellation Its effects on Personality and Social Behavior. unseasoned York Springer Pub.Co.Leman,(1998) The New Birth Order Book Why you are the way you are,Grand Rapids, Mich. F.H. RevellLederman, Sherri Phd.(2000)Birth Order, New York, New YorkWhole Family Center, Inc.Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, 2ed. Gale convocation,2001.in association with th Gale Group and Looksmart