Young Modulus of Copper Essay Example for Free

Young Modulus of Copper EssayTheoryThe following quantities is important for the experiments concerns strain is defined as ? =Force / Cross-sectional area ( F/A ) dividing line is defined as ? = Extension / Natural length ( e/l )The ratio of Stress to Strain, is the Young modulus (E= ?/?)Since a stiffer material requires larger stress to produce the same strain , a stiffer material would have a greater Young modulus ( a greater slope in a graph of ? against ? ) .For a non brittle material, usually there are two stages of deformation before breaking. Stage 1 Elastic deformationIn this stage, the fit would return to its natural length when the stress is removed. Hookes law is usually obeyed in this stage, therefore the graph is almost a heterosexual line.When the telegram is further stretched, it r for each onees the elastic dividing line and get intostage 2.Stage 2 Plastic deformationIn this stage, the stress is non today proportional to the strain and and a small amount of stress can produce a large strain. If the wire passes the yield point, its will have fixed extension and will not return to its original length. Finally, when the wire is kept to stretched, it will break at the breaking point.ProcedureExperiment 1 arena the stress-strain behaviour of a copper wire1.A micrometer screw gauge was used to measure the diameter of the copper wire at several points. hatch value was taken and the cross-sectional area of the wire was calculated.2.A pulley was mounted on one side of the table. A 2 m segment of the wire was cut out and was clamped firmly by using a G-clamp which was at a distance about 1.5 m form the pulley.3.The wire was placed over the pulley. Some sensitivespapers were put one the ground below the pulley.4.A label marker is sticked on the wire at a distance about 0.5 m from the pulley. A metre rule was placed below the wire and was fixed on the table by sticky tape.5.A 100g hanger was tied to wire.6.The length between the G-clamp and t he sticker, which represents the natural length, was measured.7.100g dispatch was added to the hanger one by one , and the extension was recorded each time.8. despatch was kept increasing until the wire broke.Experiment 2 Elastic deformation and Young modulus1.A new wire of the same length and thickness was used and steps 1 to 7 in experiment 1 were repeated.2.Load was added to the hanger carefully. All the demoralize were removed each time to check whether the wire would return to the original length. Results were recorded.3.Step 2 was repeated until the elastic limit was just exceeded.Precautions1.The hanger should be more than 0.5 m above the newspapers. This allows the wire to get enough space for extensions before it breaks. Also it should not be kept too high from the ground, this may cause the tiles of the floor to break.2.The sticker should not be placed too close to the pulley. If not the wire may touch the pulley when the wire is extended. A distance of 0.4 m is preferre d.3.The load should be added to the hanger slowly and carefully. This is to avoid exerting impulse to the wire and making the masses to oscillate. Otherwise the wire may get extra extension and make the records not appropriate.4.Records should be taken scarce after the sticker stops moving. This is because the wire takes time to extend itself, especially at the later stage when the wire passed the elastic limit and was near breaking.ResultsDiameter of the copper wireD1D2D3D4 mingyValue(in 0.005mm)0.3700.3650.6700.3700.3688Natural length of the wire=1.15mExperiment 1Load(kg)0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8Extension(10-3 m)00.50.5111.51.52.0Load(kg)0.911.11.21.31.41.51.6Extension(10-3 m)2.52.53.03.03.54.05.512Load(kg)1.71.81.92.02.12.22.3BrokenExtension(10-3 m)193446607798125/Maximum load for elastic deformation=1.3 kgLoad for breaking the wire=2.3 kgExperiment 2 Load(kg)0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8Extension(10-3)00.50.811.21.51.52Load(kg)0.911.11.2ElasticlimitexceededExtension(10-3)2.52.533.5// /Calculations GraphsMaximum capableness wrongful conduct of metre rule = 0.1 cm=0.01mMaximum possible error ofmicrometer screw gauge =0.005mm=510-6 mCross-sectional area of the wire = 1.06810-7 m2Percentage error = 26.77810-3 =1.3557%?Cross-sectional area = (1.071 0.01)x10-7 m2Experiment 1Stress Strain relationshipStress(M Pa)9.34518.6928.0337.3846.7356.0765.4274.76Strain(10-3)00.43480.43480.86960.86961.3041.3041.7392Stress(M Pa)84.1193.45102.8112.1121.5130.8140.1149.5Strain(10-3)2.1742.1742.6092.6093.0433.4784.78310.44Stress(M Pa)158.9168.2177.6186.9196.3205.6215.0BrokenStress(10-3)16.5229.5740.0052.6166.9682.61108.7/Stress at elastic limit=124 M PaPercentage error=Percentage error of the area of the wire=1.3557%?Stress at elastic limit=(124 2)M PaBreaking stress=(215 Pa 3)M PaExperiment 2Stress Strain relationship up to elastic limitStress(M Pa)9.34518.6928.0337.3846.7356.0765.4274.76Strain(10-3)00.46730.74770.93461.1211.4021.4021.869Stress(M Pa)84.1193.45102.8112.1Elastic limitexceededStrain(10-3)2.3362.3362.8043.271///Mean of the stress=60.7 M PaMean of the strain=1.5610-3Slope of the best-fit line=38.9 G PaMaximum slope=42.2 G PaMinimum slope=30.0 G PaMean error=(38.9-36.1)=2.8 G Pa?Young modulus of the copper wire=(38.9 2.8)G PaErrors and Difficulties1.There were systematic errors in this experiment. The masses were not weightinessed to check what its actual weight is. The wire may not be made of pure copper. The air temperature may vary due to air-conditioners. Besides, gravitative acceleration is taken as 10ms-2 alternatively of 9.8ms-22.There was a random error in viewing the sticker. Since the sticker had a few distance from the ruler, errors due to parallax would arise if we view form a dinky bit right or left. So it is difficult to obtain the precise value. To improve this, a nail can be added onto the sticker. The nail was more stalls and gave readings very sharply.3.At the beginning of the experiment, the wire is very uneven. The firs t few extensions we taken may be only due to the reform of the wire into a straight shape.(just like stretching a spring into a straight wire)Discussion1.Near the breaking point, the shape of the wire is very narrow.2.During elastic deformation, the hanger falls and loses gravitational potential energy. This energy change to elastic potential energy. If the wire is unloaded, the energy will be restored to GPE and the wire will return to is original length.3.During plastic deformation, the loss of gravitational potential energy becomes the work do to increase the length of the wire (increase the separations of the particles in the wire). This energy would not be restored even the wire is unloaded.4.Double of the amount of the load is required to break the wires.ConclusionTo obtain the Young modulus of the copper wire by this experiment is convenient. A few apparatus and steps are needed, and it only involves easy calculations. But by comparing to the actual value(124G Pa), the resul t we get (38.9 G Pa) has a great difference from it.This may due to the experiment is done in several assumptions and estimations. We assumed g=10ms-2 and the wire is made of pure copper. We neglected environmental factors and assumed the wire was stretched evenly in every parts.In short, although the experiment is not accurate enough, it provides a good chance for students to practice what they have learned. It is quite shocked that a very thin and long wire can withstand more than 2 kg load.

The Human Conceptualization of the State Essay Example for Free

The Human Conceptualization of the State EssayJohn Locke, in the Second Treatise of Civil Government, envisions a cordial contract in which mortals are natur ally in a state of perfect freedom, in which they utilize objects as thoroughly as themselves as they intrust which is within the truth of nature wherein all mankind was created, by God, equally. Therefore, all humans should be equal amongst fellow beings of the same species and rank without subordination or subjugation. However, Locke specifies that the exception is except when God designates unmatchable individual over a nonher, giving that person undeniable right to be of the ruling class. This means that only persons, designated by God to be superior, are the sole individuals rightfully chosen to rule other beings of the same species. (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 4). In addition to this, he states that all race must treat others, of the same species and rank, with the same courtesies they would expect or desire for themse lves (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 5). However, individuals are subject to uncontrollable liberty to make lend oneself of themselves as well as their possessions in contrast, they are not at liberty to destroy themselves or a creature which they possess (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 6). found on his ideal of the law of nature, all of mankind being equal, one is not at liberty to destroy anothers property, or constitute damage to anothers health, liberty, or life. This is due to Gods ordinance over all human beings, in which they belong to him as well as the fact that God is the only entity which can, or should, dictate the duration of ones life (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 6). As a result, persons who violate the law of nature are subject to the punishment of that individual who was wronged extending this not solely to punishment, hardly also reparation, in which the wrong doer must repay the plaintiff in some manner.In addition, being that when one person is wronged all of world is objectified as a result , any persons whom wish to join the plaintiffs punishment of the transgressor may do so. However, those persons may not join in the plaintiffs reparation, as the plaintiff must be the only one to benefit (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 6, 7, 8). An established state, as Locke has put it, should not have the right to punish an individual who is alien to that nation state. However, mankind as a whole can and must punish those who violate the law of nature (Locke, Ch. II Sec.9).These punishments, in Lockes opinion, should be death including smaller infractions, due to the fact that any transgression against one man to another is not solely a misdemeanor of that singular persons rights, but a violation of all of mankinds rights. The goal of punishment being that it prevents others from committing similar crimes (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 11 12). Also, Locke feels that laws which are not based in the law of nature, but rather in self-interest and corruption, are common within the established countries go vernments (Locke, Ch.II Sec. 12).In the establishment of the state, Locke conveys the fact that based on the law of nature the rulers of said nations are not superior to the subjects which they rule over. A state is produced as a result of multiple men coming together in a desire to entertain their property from the uncertain and cruel state of nature. This preservation results in a commonwealth wherein all of the individuals agree to make compromises to protect life, liberty, and property, resulting in the creation of a system of government and agreed upon laws.However, if a magistrate were to go beyond their duties given to them by the people, at which time they infringe upon others rights, they are committing tyranny in response, the people must pursue anarchy to produce a ruler whom the populous benefits from (Lock, Ch. II Sec. 14 Ch. IV Ch. VIII Ch. IX Ch. XVIII). Thomas Hobbes, in the Leviathan, utilizes the fiction of the state being an artificial human, and to fully under stand all of mankind, we must only study one man rather than all of humanity, which will bring the individuals introspection to the clear origins of our thoughts, desires, and reasons (Hobbes, Intro.).Hobbes believed that what separated us, humans, from animals was our ability for thought, and through and through this process humans are able to look inward and discover the reasons behind the laws which humanity has set forth to govern ourselves (Hobbes, Ch. IV). Hobbes believed that the causation for the development of the state was that of fear, which saved human life, by allowing our species to thrive in a commonwealth which benefits all whom carry part in it (Hobbes, Ch.XIII).The Law of Nature, which must be discovered through reason, describes a situation which can be paralleled to the survival of the fittest scenario. This is due to its condemnation of death of human life, but self-preservation as the ultimate law which governs all of humanitys actions though the faculty whic h Hobbes utilizes, aforementioned fear, can only be solaced through a pursuit of peace, both internally as well as externally (Hobbes, Ch. XIV).This pursuit led humans to seek out an establishment which could peace of mind their fears, which ensued with the eventual conceptualization of the state. On the other hand, Hobbes discusses that though human beings must pursue peace, as required by the laws of nature, our species is also victim to the natural aridity for power, which endeavors to destroy the foundations of a cohesive, effective state (Hobbes, Ch.XVII).Works Cited Hobbes, Thomas. 1660 The Leviathan. Oregon State University. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Jan 2013. http//oregonstate. edu/ tutor/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-contents. html. Locke, John. 1690 The Second Treatise of Civil Government. Oregon State University. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Jan 2013. http//oregonstate. edu/instruct/phl302/texts/locke/locke2/2nd-contents. html.

Effect of Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance

Effect of Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance interpolationNowadays, it is genuinely tough to find dedicated employees who could be relied on when the going gets tough. It takes an encouraging supervisor to stir up an employee to stay on his job stance and to do his job well. Likewise, it takes a committed inclineer to persist in his job no matter how difficult it may be, as long as he is properly be actived and satisfied with his job.Just what makes a worker motivated to do his job well? What makes him satisfied in his job? This paper attempts to go over the aforementioned questions within a certain corporation, conviction Industries, Ltd. It will take on a soft study. It will be employing the use of questionnaires and a digest pigeonholing inter pile to probe into the issues of job indigence and job blessedness and if this translates to performance and efficiency.Research ObjectivesThe objectives of the study will beTo examine the strategies that organisations use t o motivate their employeesTo explore the relationship between employee motive and job satisfaction.To examine organisational performance and efficiency.To examine organisational performance and efficiency inculpates.To examine the impact of employee job satisfaction and need on organisational performance and efficiency.Statement of the Problem How does employee job satisfaction and motivation affect his performance and efficiency in the organization?The study will seek to answer the following questionsWhat atomic number 18 the strategies that organisations use to motivate their employees?What is the correlation between employee motivation and job satisfaction?What is organisational performance and efficiency?What does organisational performance and efficiency entail?What is the impact of employee job satisfaction and motivation on organisational performance and efficiency?Research MethodologyData collection will be carried out by use of questionnaires. A emphasis group interv iew sh all in all be implemented so that a selected group of employees throne give in-depth answers to issues pertaining to job satisfaction and motivation and how it affects their own performance and efficiency. It will withal draw out frequently information from the thorough review of literature, so analysis of the results of the questionnaire and interview will be done in the backdrop of a rich tapestry of motivation models and principles.Descriptive research design will then be used where qualitative analysis will be made basing on the variables that aim at examining the impact of employee job satisfaction and motivation on organisational performance and efficiency. This is because descriptive methods atomic number 18 quite effective in identifying concrete socio-economic issues such as the impact of employee job satisfaction and motivation onorganisational performance and efficiency (Silverman 1993 Beverley 1998 Strauss and Corbin 1990).Significance of the tryThe study ai ms to benefit organizational development purposes, specifically the human resources department. A thorough review of literature on motivation shall be done explaining theories, models and principles of how an psyche is encouraged to do something for himself and for others. This research will enlighten employers on how to motivate their employees so they do better in their jobs and result in job satisfaction on the part of the latter. It becomes an win-win situation for everyone concerned if motivation is appropriate and effective and will elicit initiative on the part of the employee.Chapter TwoReview of literatureMotivation comes from the enjoyment of work itself and from the desire to achieve goals set by the soul (Dawson, 2009). Each individual has different goals. Some are financial, comparable working longer hours for extra income or exerting to a crackinger extent effort dependable to push sales. Some set their sights on a promotion of rank believing that if they do well on their jobs and accept the challenge of more responsibilities that eventually, they level up to a position of more power and authority. This paper argues the need for employers to downstairsstand how their workers are motivated and how they can use such information to produce better results for the organization.Knowledge of employee motivation is an advantage for employers. When this knowledge is applied, it becomes a win-win situation for both parties since the employees are motivated to pursue shared organizational goals while the employer encourages the productivity in his organization.Handy (1999) reports that the initial goals of motivation research was to encourage individuals to will better help to their employers by exerting more effort and maximizing their talents at work. Having a well-motivated workforce may be equivalent to better work productivity and success in product salability in the market. Additional advantages are lower level of absenteeism and rung h itchovers because the employees are satisfied with their work. This also direction that training and recruitment costs are lowered because work positions are al elbow rooms reliably staffed (Dawson, 2009).Douglas McGregors Theory X and Y gained much attention in the 1960s. He claimed that an individual falls under either of 2 categories, X or Y. The X individual call for a lot of controlling, directing, coercion and thereat just so he gets work done. On the other hand, individuals under Theory Y do non see work as tedious and instead, commits to the goals they have set. Meeting these goals becomes the reward in itself. The amount individual stays in the middle ground. He prefers to be directed and avoids responsibility as much as he can. However, when left with no choice, he learns to accept it and carry it out. Further, even if imagination or creativity is widely distributed across the population, individual potentials of people are only partially used in work (Dawson, 2009). Th is now begs the question of how employers can find employees who fall under the Theory Y category, those who are motivated enough to give their better to the job. other early motivation theories include the Satisfaction Theory, the Incentive Theory and the Intrinsic Theory. The Satisfaction theory posits that a satisfied worker works even harder and proves his the true to the organization he belongs to by staying longer there. Who would want to leave a work environment that provides satisfaction? If one is happy there, there would be short(p) no motivation to leave, and utmost motivation to stay on. The Incentive theory claims that an individual will increase his efforts to obtain a reward, which are mostly requital packages such as salary increases or access to more company benefits. The Intrinsic theory is culled from Maslows theory of hierarchy of Needs. He categorized human of necessity as hierarchal from the basic physiological needs moving to safety, belongingness and lov e, esteem and finally self-actualization. Maslow contends that these needs serve as motivators (Handy, 1999). For example, a man is motivated to work to earn money for his family to provide for their basic needs of food, clothing and shelter. However, as the man becomes richer and is able to meet his and his familys physiological and safety needs, he ensures that his higher needs are likewise met. As one level of needs is met, the individuals needs move up to the next level until he has met most of his needs and just strives for self-actualization. As an application to work, an employee likewise moves up the organizational ladder and strives to reach the highest position he can achieve. At that point, he is earning enough money, has gained enough belongingness and acknowledgment and as a reflection of his need for self-actualization, is motivated to leave a legacy behind.In relation to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs theory, a real-life example from the internationalistic company, IKEA , is illustrated. This Scandanavian-based company is known to be the largest supplier and manufacturer of furniture worldwide. In 2004, IKEA in Denmark took the initiative to give their entire checkout staff a 25% raise. IKEA has more of them than any other group and it meant a sizeable increase in total monthly overhead expenses. However, it was a business decision that joyous the checkout staff. It follows that happy employees are bound to create positive results for the company (Kjerulf, n.d.). One is lower employee turnover. This provides tremendous savings for the company of time and money recruiting rising staff. It also means that the longer workers stay with a company, the more experienced they become and the more they identify with the company. Hence, the company develops a more experienced and incorruptible staff. Being so, they provide better service, gaining higher customer satisfaction. The companys reputation of providing high quality of service to its customers is spreads rapidly by word of mouth, thereby incurring more sales and profit for the company.Although IKEA incurred a humongous expense with the implementation of the raise, it paid itself within six months. Analyzing why this worked for IKEA, Kjerulf gives three reasons. The first is that the raise obviously gave the staff a significant improvement in their standard of living. The recipients were the least paid in the company, so a 25% raise made a ample difference in ground of their quality of life. Secondly, the salary increase gave people recognition. IKEA acknowledged that they were the most important group of employees since they are the only employees customers are plausibly to talk to at the end of the sale because customers help themselves with the products anyway. This acknowledgement makes the checkout staff feel valued and trusted. Finally, IKEA promoted the value of fairness. The recipients of the raise were suddenly paid as well as other employees, and even higher than the market average of their counterparts.So it is non really the salary increase that motivated the employees. More than that, they gained much in terms of self-esteem and the feeling of being valued as a worker. Albert Martens, one of IKEAs HR heads posits that giving financial incentive to staff does non actually increase the motivation of a worker who values customer-focused attitude more than money. Because they feel important due to such great service attached them, customers come back not only for the quality of IKEAs products but for the kind of service they get from the staff. The staff in turn, gets intrinsically rewarded by this (Whitehead, 2006).According to arbiter et al. (2001) the happier people are in the workplace, the more satisfied they are. Weiss (2002) and Rain et al. (1991) concur with this argument that employee job satisfaction and employee motivation are clearly linked. Rain et al. (1991) and hot up and Ferris (1987, pp. 287-322) agree with usher (1997 ) that human resources are the most important assets that any organisation can boast to own and to maintain because people utilise and turn the organisations resources into products that the organisation needs in order to perform and to efficiently and effectively meet the needs of its customers.Workers expect some sort of psychological contracts from their employers. Consciously or unconsciously, they anticipate more than the benefits and compensation that the job usually presents. Workers expect support from management, work that is challenging and interesting and communication that is open and honest. These non-monetary rewards have become very significant to the motivation of workers. Of course their economical needs have to be fulfilled (as in the basic physiological and security needs in Maslows Hierarchy of Needs), however, their socio-emotional needs have to be given attention as well (as in the sense of belonging and esteem needs referred to by Maslow). Lester, Clair Kicku l (2001) contend that the subtraction of this is that from the beginning, employers do not only discuss the workers compensation package also emphasize the aspects of the company that will be intrinsically satisfying to the workers.Money and other status symbols like higher job positions and titles, more spacious and opulent offices, and the like do not really increase ones motivation (Kohn, 1999). This may have the appearance _or_ semblance unbelievable, but each time a person is extrinsically-rewarded for doing something, it reduces their intrinsic motivation. Employers need to remember that intrinsic motivation spurs an individual to perform well and to high standards because the person does something on his own volition and commits to doing his best in the task (Kjerulf, n.d.).It is essential that employers realize the importance of such psychological contracts They should keep in mind that all employees desire work that is significant, recognition and credit for such work, c reative freedom and opportunities for personal growth. As a start, open and honest communication must be established and maintained in the organization. This must include encouragement and boosting of self-esteem of workers. Lack of communication may suggest to employees that the employer is susceptible to breach their psychological contract.Porter (1997) asserts that job satisfaction is a key indicator of how employees feel intimately their jobs and a predictor of work behaviours such as organisational loyalty, absenteeism and employee turnover. Fried and Ferris (1987, pp. 287-322) concur with Porters view that job satisfaction can partially mediate the relationship of personality variables and deviant work behaviours. According to Weiss (2002, pp. 173-194) and Porter (1997), there exists a huge correlation between job satisfaction and productivity.Job satisfaction amongst employees of trustingness Industries as a result of effective motivation packages has increased growth due t o the fealty that workers exercise. According to trust Industries Limited (2010), this has come as a result of various motivation packages such as competitive compensation packages and world-class exposures that notch employees opportunities to learn and experience the world. Porter (1997) states that one source of an organisations competitive advantage is job satisfaction. Reliance Industries Limited recognises this and that is the reason why the company walks an extra burl to ensure that employees are satisfied on the job and this has enabled it to attract and retain excellent talent that places the company at a more competitive position that has enabled it to invest in innovative and lucrative ventures in areas such as Information Communication Technologies (ICTs), bio-technology-led research, life sciences and many more (Forbes 2010 Reliance Industries Limited 2010). investing of more time and effort in the establishment and sustenance of healthy relationships with workers k eeps employers updated of their workers progress in both personal and professional areas.Motivating workers can be a challenge for leaders. However, it is well worth the time and effort in the end, as the workers themselves will bear fruits for the organization.Introduction About Chosen Organisation (Reliance Industries)Reliance Industries Limited was founded in 1966 by Dhirubhai Ambani, the Indian industrialist and was the pioneer in the introduction of financial instruments such as fully convertible debentures into the Indian stock markets (Forbes 2010). It is allege by critics that the success of Reliance Industries Limited at the top position in terms of market capitalisation is the ability of the founder to manipulate the levers of a controlled economy to its advantage. The major subsidiaries and associates of Reliance Industries Limited include Reliance Petroleum Limited (RPL) Reliance Life Sciences Reliance Industrial Infrastructure Limited (RIIL) Reliance Institute of Life Sciences (Rils) Relicord Reliance Solar Reliance Clinical Research Services (RCRS) Reliance Logistics (P) Limited (Cable News Network 2010).Reliance Industries Limited has 3 million shareholders and 1 out of every 4 investors in India is a Reliance shareholder (Cable News Network 2010). This makes it the company the organisation in which most stock is widely held in the whole world. According to Forbes (2010), the subsidiaries and associates of Reliance Industries Limited are the best performers in the Indian stock market. By market value, Reliance Industries Limited is the largest private sector company in India with an annual turnover of US$ 44 billion and profit of US$ 3.6 billion for the year completion in March 2010 and assets valued at US$ 43.61 (Forbes 2010).The company is ranked at 264th position in the Fortune Global 500 list in 2009 and at the 126th position in the Forbes Global 2000 list in 2010 (Cable News Network 2010 Forbes 2010). Reliance Industries Limited is one of the main players in the oil and petrochemicals labor in India. Although the companys main focus is oil, it has diversified its operations in recent times as a result of severe differences between the founders sons, Mukesh Ambani and Anil Ambani after(prenominal) the company was divided between them in 2006 (Cable News Network 2010).Chapter ThreeMethodologyStrauss and Corbin (1990) stated that qualitative research is any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification. Glesne (1999) stated that qualitative researchers seek out a variety of perspectives they do not reduce the multiple interpretations to a norm. Strauss and Corbin (1990) claimed that qualitative methods can be used to better understand any phenomenon about which little is yet known. They can also be used to gain new perspectives on things about which much is already known, or to gain more in-depth information that may be difficult to convey q uantitatively, or where the researcher has determined that quantitative measures cannot adequately describe or interpret a situation.a. QuestionnairesThe use of questionnaires as a means of appeal data from the research participants, with an aim in obtaining their personal views on job satisfaction and motivation and how it affects their performance and efficiency has been selected for this particular research. (Campbell et al., 2004) describe questionnaires as a very versatile data-gathering method they are cheap, easy to administer, whether it be to three people or 300, and can be used to gather a great variety of data of both quantitative and qualitative nature. (Campbell et al., 2004, p. 146). Cohen et al. (2000) also praise the use of questionnaires for their efficiency. They allow an efficient use of the researchers time, as they can collect a significant amount of information in one attempt, rather than conducting interviews over a period of weeks. Gillham (2000) also highli ghts that questionnaires make efficient use of the respondents time, as they can complete the questionnaire at a time that is suitable to them and does not require the researcher and respondent to match free periods of time to conduct the research. Cohen et al. (2000) and Gillham (2000) emphasize the service program of questionnaires for ensuring the participants anonymity, which in this study, may be requested due to its very sensitive and controversial nature. If the respondents cannot be identified, they may be more willing to write about issues and opinions more openly than they would in a face-to-face situation. It could be argued then that questionnaires are therefore most likely to generate more truthful answers as there is no personal contact with the interviewer.However, a disadvantage of using questionnaires is that the only data collected is a variety of tick boxes and brief responses, which means the data tends to have more breadth than depth. This results from the lack of an interviewer to prompt for further information or more detail in their answers, and they cannot interpret questions for the participant who is unreadable about what is being asked. This may result in each participant having to decipher what they are being asked independently and may resort to their own internal understanding of the questions.The following questions will be asked in the questionnaires and will be discussed in detail in a focus group interview conducted later onAre you satisfied with your job right now? Why or why not?What motivates you to do your job well?What are the strategies that your organisations use to motivate their employees?Do you think employee motivation leads to job satisfaction? Explain.How do you define organisational performance and efficiency?What does organisational performance and efficiency entail?How would you rate yourself in terms of job performance and efficiency?What do you think is the impact of employee job satisfaction and motivati on on organisational performance and efficiency?b. InterviewsTo pursue the questions in depth, a selected group of participants who answered the questionnaires will be asked to join a focus group interview. The interview method involves questioning or a discussion of issues with one or more people. It is useful to collect data which may not be accessible through observation or questionnaires (Blaxter et al, 2006).Robson (2002) points out how the interview is a pliant and adaptable research tool. In face to face interviews, there is the possibility of following up interesting responses. Frey and Mertens-Oishi (1995) comment how respondent participation can be enhanced by the interviewer sensitively guiding the questioning, and being able to answer any questions which the respondent may ask. Oppenheim (1992) suggests that the response rate is higher in interviews than in questionnaires, due to the fact that participants become more involved.c. Qualitative Content Analysis of Literatu reThe content analysis of findings from several studies in the review of literature is another(prenominal) great source of a wealth of information for this current study. Content analysis is a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from texts (or other meaningful matter) to the contexts of their use (Krippendorff, 2004, p. 18). Constructs researched on and analyze may be derived from existing theories or practices, the experience or knowledge of experts and previous research (Krippendorff, 2004). Content analysis aims to provide knowledge, new insights, a representation of facts and a practical guide to action (Elo Kyngas, 2008).Qualitative content analysis flows from a humanistic tradition. Replacing hypotheses associated with quantitative research methods are open questions that guide the research and influence the data that are self-contained (White and Marsh, 2006). The researcher reads through the data and analyzes them thoroughly to identify concepts a nd patterns. He or she may discover patterns and concepts that emerge but were not foreshadowed but are nevertheless important to consider and report.For this study, available literature already reports data which has been gathered and analyzed by competent researchers in the field. The researcher is in a position to compare existing literature and discern which information will best answer the questions pertaining to this current research study.ProcedureFirstly, permission to conduct the research should be sought from the rightful authorities of Reliance Industries Limited by way of written correspondence. The letter includes the aims and objectives of the study and the methodology to be used. The company will also be assured that they will be furnished a replicate of the final research paper.Questionnaires will be distributed to the employees of the company either by hand or by email. Demographic data of the participants shall be collected like their gender, age, civil status and length of time they have served with the company.A small group of 7 to 10 employees shall be randomly selected from the pool of participants to engage in a focus group interview. This small group interview will be to follow up on their responses in the questionnaire and to further probe into their insights regarding motivation and job satisfaction and how these affect their performance and efficiency in their jobs.The focus group interview will be audio-recorded and transcribed in verbatim. The interview questions already stated above will be asked of the participants to guide the flow of the interview and the participants will take turns answering them and responding to others answers as well. An interviewer will be hired to help the interview and may ask follow up questions to clarify some answers. This interviewer will be briefed beforehand on the objectives of the research and how to conduct the focus group interview to elicit candid responses from the participants. The partic ipants are ensured of the confidentiality of their responses as their real names will not be used in reporting the responses as data. This joint is to give students the opportunity to elaborate and freely express their insights with regard to student-teacher relationships. The focus group discussions are believed to add pertinent information to the study.Data AnalysisResponses from the questionnaires and focus group interview will be culled and sorted according to themes that may surface (ex. motivations, company strategies to motivate employees, etc.). Each theme will be analyzed with the backdrop of the information gathered from the literature review.

Assess Leadership Skills In An Organisation Management Essay

Assess Leadership Skills In An Organisation Management Essay in that location argon seven traits through which we toilet assess the lead port of an organizationA attracter should have an integrity, and must be a trust worthy person, so that people can rely on them, and because of this these people need a mentor, who will guide them towards their goals.A drawing card should be an optimistic person, because people doesnt want to take in a person etern onlyy counts negatively and ignore the positive check.A leader should be able to influence the change and should support the change, because if they dont accept the change, they might non grow.A leader should be able to take jeopardys, because if they are not a risk taker, then they are not the leaders. A leader is a person who has uninfected a showing of what can be achieved by taking a risk and how it might benefit their follower and prepare them for better tomorrow.A leader should be tenacious, i.e. they should not give up and keep on trying unless they reach their goals.A leader should be able to motivate others, and keep them wr etceteraed towards the achievement of their desired goals.A leader should be dedicated and committed towards the achievement of their goals.1REVIEW THE LEADERSHIP IN BA AND TESCOFrom my observations of Tesco is using participative leaders trend and their principal style as a participative leader appeared to be consultative in approach where most decisions were conferred with team members before final decisions were being do by them. As a result, maintaining lines of open communication within Tesco created an environment of warmth, friendliness, trust and stirred up support and this communication and exploitation relationship with followers is con cheekred as an effective leadershipHowever, on the other side BA leadership style was also consultative, but it was not always consultative. There were times where his style did appear to change, and the reason might be lack o f self awareness, motive, empathy and emotional inteligence. These circumstances were mainly apparent when dealing with other leaders (consensus) and members of his team that were perceive to be lacking in motivation (authoritarian). Although, Johnson and Scholes, point out in their book of corporate governance that this approach is relevant to the leaders who has a shell out of experience, common sense and emotional intelligence to be effective leader.FUTURE REQUIREMENTS OF LEADERSHIPThe 21st century the leaders should be creative and modern, because new ideas can bring success to the organization, and therefore it should be the mission of every leader should to look for innovative ideas regularly, which is completely new than that of an organization which is currently committed to.These innovative ideas come from having deeper understanding of customers and market, and they go beyond the customers expectations and fulfill their needs.According to Gratton, there are four upcom ing requirements of leadership which could be useful for New-Line GenX.Dream together with The futurity leaders should onlyow people to work interdependently but it has to be within the companys general framework and identify a work and co-ordinate the major themes for action.Balance the short term with the longer term The incoming leaders should build a vision for the future through the engages people and let them understand for the future roleValue people The future leaders should treat people with respect and allow them to put forward their ideas and obtained trust and diagnose sealed that their ideas will be valued and they can view a differenceUnderstand of the reality of the organization The future leaders should build a model of the organization that is of high level trust, inspiration, and commitment develop an understanding of process of fairness and justice and recognise the workforces perception of consistency, integrity and pride2.Moreover, future leadership wil l have to learn an entirely new skills and competency skills.Generate and Sustain trust Trust is powerful and ingredients of competencies, fairness, caring constancy and authenticity, these all are valuable for the future requirements of leadership and management for New-Line GenX.Intimate allies The future leaders needs to create respect, dignity and culture improvised.Power of Appreciation The future leaders needs to appreciation good work done by the employees and this is powerful motivator to take challenge by the employees for the new adventures.What is important The future leaders should remind people of what is important for the organisation and value to work and collective focused strategy of the company.It is therefore, the above points need to be considered by New-Line GenX for the future requirements of leadership and management.TASK VDEVELOP A PLAN WHICH WOULD SUITABLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEADERSHIP SKILLS IN YOUR CHOSEN ENVIRONMENTIt is absolute necessary to make tea m work in order to improve operational procedures and efficiency in the operations of Tesco and BA. Leadership required personal strength to motivate all the employees together. Thus, Tesco and BA have required to an act together in all department such as warehouse, web-design, sales, back-office, company senior management, marketing and other functions etc. Leaders need to motivate and equally inspire all the employees by using equal amounts of extrinsic and intrinsic techniques. In addition, leader needs to make sure that different people can take different amounts of each extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. However, experience is most significant qualities to direct participation in all activities of the organization3. It is advisable to both companies to be presented the board of management that the four many type of leadership style can be advantageous for them.To be a great leader the author think that you have to have many qualities, the most important of which are charisma, motivation, experience and most of all fantastic communication skills. It is therefore, it has advisable to both the companies consider to focus on New Leadership Theories rather than old traditional theories such as Fielders incident and Path-Goal Leadership Theory. Managers need to develop a business by facing the challenges, involve all the employees in decision making process and taking risk if needed.DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONAL SKILLSFirst of all there should be the clear understanding of qualities required for an effective leaders, and these qualities areEnthusiasm A leader should be able to get things done, which they can communicate to other people.Confidence A leader should believe in themselves, as this can be sensed by other people.Toughness A leader should be resilient, tenacious, and demanding high standards.Integrity A leader should have personal wholeness, soundness, and honesty, which can inspire trust.Warmth A leader should be in personal relationship, caring for people and being considerate.Humility A leader should be willingness to listen and take the blame not being arrogant and overbearing.In addition to all of the above quality, a leader should also be motivational, and should also posses high level of emotional intelligence.There are various methods used to develop leadership skillThe first thing to do as a leader is to ask for the feedback from their team, on what they think about their leadership style.They should listen carefully to their team members about their work related worries, because it is said that great leaders are great listeners.A leader should take complete responsibility of how they are being heard, and their message to their team should be clearly understood by their team members.The most important part of developing leadership skill is to learn to respect their teams hard work.A leader should lead their team with an integrity.A leader should involve their team members and cover the task among their team depending on the situation and individual capabilities.Finally a leader should focus on developing their skills, and this will enable them to improve motivation as well as team performance.4CONCLUSIONAfter researching on this assignment I would like to conclude that leadership plays an important role in the development of an organization. I also found that both the organizations Tesco and British Airways has a great leadership styles, whereby Tesco is using participative leadership style, through which it had created an environment of warmth, friendliness, trust and emotional support under the leadership of Sir Terry Leahy, Chief Executive of Tesco, the company has experienced enormous growth and is one of the largest supermarket in the UK. Whereas on the other side the leadership of British Airways was also consultative, but kept on changing. But finally I would say that both of these organization should keep on developing their skills and acquiring new skills that will enable them to compe te in this fast pace of global economic climate. I am also sure that, if the directors of New-Line GenX follow the leadership theory and implement them in their organization, will enable them to have a better future of New-Line GenX.

Stages of the Purchasing Decision Process

Stages of the purchasing Decision ProcessP-1 Describe the main stages of the purchasing closing making transitBusiness get decision affectBusiness get decision do work consists of the following steps. trouble recognitionGeneral conduct description ingathering specificationSupplier search proffer solicitationSupplier selectionOrder single-valued function specificationPerformance review(Kotler, Armstrong, 2008)Problem recognition It will occur when an constitution recognizes a problem or need that tail assembly be meet by bargaining a harvest-home or service.General need description Lets assume that an organization wants to improve its go or products soin this step characteristics of the services and products needed atomic number 18 explicitly expressed.Product specification after(prenominal) the pervious step an organization will express the specification of the product or services which will be of course through with(p) with the consultation of the engineering or tec hnical team.Supplier search In this step an organization will search for the supplier of the halcyons needed this can be d whiz by reviewing trade forthwithories or by doing computer search. It will obviously short list those sensation who has good reputation and offers best deals.Proposal solicitation Once the search is complete then an organization will invite suppliers to submit their proposal, in this case presentation by the supplier baron be needed.Supplier selection In this step the organization will terminalize the supplier. Factors equal agonistical prices, h angiotensin-converting enzymest communication, quality products and services etc ar of bully importance in this regard.Order routine specification At this stage the organization management will prepargon an pasture-routine specification. It will too incorporate final order with selected supplier and list of other elements technical services after sales required, date of delivery return polices and warrantie s etc.Performance review After order-routine specification in this step organization will assess the performance of the suppliers products or services. This may lead organization to keep on, change, of drop the arrangement with the supplier.Consumer defileing decision processConsumer dealing decision process consists of the following stepsNeed recognitionInformation searchmilitary rating of alternativesPurchase decision situation Purchase manner(Kotler, Armstrong, 2008)Need recognition The process starts with need recognition the emptor feels that he should put one across the specific products or services in order to fulfill his need. The argue behind this can be internal stimuli i.e. need to fulfill and external stimuli i.e. products or services ads.Information search An interested look intending to buy products or services will search for information regarding various companies offering those products or services. He will use sources manage internet, friends etc.Evaluation of alternativesThe merchandise concourse of companies need to know about(predicate) how various consumers evaluate products or services well the process is non easy to scan. Here the consumers index keep the following points of valuation criteria prices, quality, and print.Purchase decision Normally the consumer is suppose to buy that product or service which up to highest level fulfill his evaluation criteria but even at this stage comparable factor strength alter consumers decisions.Post Purchase behavior Consumers buying decision process does non end with the purchase of the product or service it engages it egotism in post-purchase process. This determines whether the buyer is well-off with product or service bought or not. If satisfied then good word mouth will happen and vice versa. Consumers satisfaction, dissatisfaction or delightedness depends upon buyer expectations and the product or service quality sensed performance.P-2 Identify approaches and theories of buyer behavior in terms of 1-on-ones and martsThe basic purpose of marketing is to affect how customers think about the organization and about its products. To affect whats, whens, and hows of the buying behavior, marketing managers should get-go take c atomic number 18 the whys. Buying behavior is very hard to netherstand yet it is extremely important problem that marketer need to perform. If a marketer can divulge buying behavior of its target audience, he or she will be in a better position to target products and services at them. emptor behavior is focused upon the needs of singulars, root words and organizations.Talking about buyer fundamentally on that point are deuce types of buyers recognized the first gear is the Ultimate consumers and the second one is business buyers (in this outcome markets refers to business buyers).Ultimate Consumers Those individuals and households who buy good and services for personal consumption.Business buyer Those firms that buy goods and services for the use in the intersection of their products and services or for the purpose of reselling and renting them to others at a profit.Approaches used to alter target audience buying behaviorModel for Consumer behaviorFor companies the buying decision is the around crucial element for their entire organization. The or so prominent question in the regard is that how do consumers respond to different marketing activities that a firm might use? The first step in finding the solution to this important question can be stimulus response prototype of consumer buying behavior. This model suggests that marketing efforts and other stimuli enter the consumers black box and produce certain responses. Marketers must understand what is their in that black box.Marketing stimuli consists of quartet Ps and includes other major environmental forces and actors like economic, technological etc. All these inputs go in the black box, where these efforts are converted into various respons es like product choice, dealer choice, purchase timing etc.The important thing that marketers need to figure out is that what is there in black box. It has twp parts first buyers characteristics do work how he or she perceives and reacts to the stimuli. Secondly the buyers decision itself affects the buyer behavior.(Kotler, Armstrong, 2008)Model for business buyersThis model helps the marketers to understand that how business buyers will respond to various marketing stimuli. The marketing and the other stimuli which are carved in order to affect buyer behavior are mistakable to the consumer model. How ever the expected responses are particular bit different which include Product or service choice, supplier choice, order quantity etc. the biggest deviation between consumer and business model is the difference between the factors and people which alter and perform buying process. With in the organization purchasing those goods consists two major parts the buying center i.e. the pe ople who defend the ultimate decision and buying process. This approach suggests tetrad questions about business buyer behavior. What buying decisions do business buyers make? Who participates in the buying process? What are the major factors that influence buying process? How does an organization make its buying decision?(Kotler, Armstrong, 2008)Types of individual and business buying behavior situationTypes of individual buying behavior situationsComplex buying behavior in this type of buying the situation the consumer is highly involved in the purchase process and there is a clear perceived different among various brands. For example if virtuallyone intends to buy an insurance policy in this case he is highly involved in the process along with having significant information about various companies.Dissonance- reducing buying behavior when the consumer is highly involved in the purchase process but he k raw(a) very little about companies offering that particular good i.e. he c annot differentiate brands for example in Pakistan if soul intend to buy a dry cleaner in this case he or she may deeply involve in the buying but having very little information about the brands.Habitual buying behavior this type of buying process incurs when there is low involvement of consumer and the buyer has few significant perceived differences about brands.Variety seeking buyer behavior It occurs under the condition of low consumer involvement in the purchasing process but having significant experience about different brand. For example buying a cold drink.Types of Business buying behavior situationsStraight re-buy an organization buying things in a routine order without each modification. For example if a car company buys tires on routine basis without any medication.Modified re-buy in this buying situation the buyer reorders something but along with instructions of some modification. For example if Car Company reorders tires but with some modifications lets say with goo d quality rubber.New-Task when a business buys any product or service for the first date this type of buying situation is called new task. For example if a Car company diversify and buy machine for tire manufacturing.System selling Purchasing a packaged solution to some problem for single seller as a guide ignoring all the separate decision involved in a complex buying situation. This is often a key marketing strategy for availing and retaining business accounts.(Kotler, Armstrong, 2008)Theories regarding individual and business buying behaviorMaslows theory of MotivationAbraham Maslows through his known theory explained that how human beings are motivated by particular needs at particular times. He argued that all behaviors start with a need physical needs companionable acceptances are examples of needs. Why does a person spend so much of bills and time on personal security and on gaining social status? His answer to this is that human needs are arranged in hierarchy from the most compelling one in the start and the least compelling one at the end. These needs include physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, respect needs and self actualization needs.An individual tires to attain such kernel through the most pressing (physiological needs) needs can be satisfied once one levels needs are sufficiently enough satisfied then an individual will endeavor to satisfy the next levels needs like for example any body physical and security needs should be satisfied sufficient enough in order to get telecom services as this services can be related to belongings level because many people buy this service in order to communicate.(Maslow, Blogger, 1954)Freud was psychologist he believed that people are largely unaware about the actual psychological forces shaping their behavior. He observed that people while growing up keep at bottom many urges which are never rund or under full control they are expressed in dreams, slips of tongue etc, or some times in psyc hoses.His theory suggested that human beings buying decisions are influenced by subconscious occasions that the purchaser may not fully understand. For example if any person buys a Mercedes might say that I have bought it because its very comfortable and make status statement. At a deeper level the actual reason might be to eliminate the feel of inferiority.(Kotler, Armstrong, 2008)P-3 Explain the factors that affect buyer behaviorAs explained earlier that there are two types of buyer who are the ultimate consumer and second one is business buyer here factors that influence there buying behavior is explained separately for both.Factors that affect final consumers buying behaviorConsumer behavior is deeply stirred by cultural, social, personal, and psychological characteristics these factors at most of the time are uncontrollable. These factors are explained in detail which is as followsCultural factorsCulture Culture is basic reason behind any person wants and behavior. Human bein gs behavior is mostly learned. As time passes our cultivation is becoming more than materialistic which implies that people will buy more electronic and other technological goods so changing culture is a bit difficult for those firms which are not advanced technologically.Subculture Each culture has smaller subcultures. It is basically a group of people who have same value system ground on ordinary life experience and conditions. favorable class Social classes are a societys permanent and arranged sections whose members beliefs in common values, interests and ways of doing things. It is not determined by property on element in mind like income rather factors like parentage, income, education, wealth, and other variables are kept in mind.Social factorsGroups A persons way of doing things is also altered by the group to which he belongs. Group can affect firms target audience in some way or other.Reference group Reference group for a person is that group to which he admires. It s erve wither in straight (face to face) or indirect point of judgment or reference in forming a persons attitude or behavior. People most of times are influenced by reference group to which they do not belong.Family It is the most significant consumer buying unit in a society and it has been interrogationed widely. Marketing managers must pay a great deal of attention to the roles of consumers which deeply influence the purchase decision while buying products or services to themselves.Roles and status A person at the same time belongs to different groups- family, organization, clubs, etc. A role consists of actions that one is suppose to execute according to environment around him or her. Very role contain a status representing the general esteem given to it by society.Personal factorsAge and life cycle stage Choices of food, clothes, etc are often age related. People change their buying habits with changes in their age. Purchasing is also influenced by the stage of the family life cycle- the stages through which families might.Occupation An individual occupation influence the choice of goods and services bought.Economic situation A persons buying pattern is affected by economic situation in a very significant manner. For example economy of Pakistan is in a worst lick so people will have slight money to spend which they will buy products or services too so this factor is rattling important for firms.Life styles life style is a person way of living presented in this or her psychographics. Individuals which belong to same culture, subculture, social class and occupation may have different life style. Life style portrays something more than on persons social class or personality. personality and self concept Personality means the distinct psychological attributes that lead to comparatively consistent and lasting responses to ones own world. Each person distinct personality put and effect on his or her buying pattern. It is usually described in term traits like self confidence, autonomy, adaptability and aggressiveness.Many marketers utilize a notion related to personality i.e. self concept. The idea which self concept convey is that people possessions contribute to and reflect their identities that is we are what we have. Hence to understand your target audience psyche first you must understand the relationship between self concept and possessions.Psychological factorsMotivation Human beings at the same time have many needs. more or less are biological such as hunger, thirst or discomfort others are physiological, arising from the need of recognition, esteem, or belonging. A need transformed into a motive when its deficiency is experienced up to an intense level thus compelling a person to satisfy it. Two famous theory regarding motivation were proposed by Sigmund friend and Abraham Maslow.Perception It is the procedure by which human being select, organize, and interpret information to form meaningful picture of the world. If for examp le people perceive a firm as a good company so more and more people will buy its products or services as its vivacious customers will suggest it to others.Learning When people take action they learn. Learning is basically changes in the individuals behavior as a consequence of experience. It incurs when on interacts with stimuli, cues, responses and reinforcement. When one buy firms products or services and or respond to its advertisements and if he/she found the sayings of firm correct so consumers will learn about its products and services in a positive manner and vice versa.Beliefs and attitude A belief is an expressive thought that a person has about something. It may be based upon real knowledge, opinion, or faith and it also may or may not have an emotional factor. It is of great importance to any firm marketers because it shapes its brand image that alters purchasing decision.Attitudes are comparatively consistent evaluations, feeling, and tendencies toward object or idea. I t structures people liking and disliking patterns. Changing someone attitudes is a very hard task to perform.P-4 Evaluate the relationship between brand loyalty, corporate image, and twin purchaseBefore explaining the relationship between these three elements first its definition one should understand its definitions.Brand loyalty brands that consumer generally buy from the same manufacturer repeatedly over time rather that buying it from multiple suppliers within the category. It also refers to the grade to which consumers consistently purchase the same brand within the product class.(12manage)Corporate image The perceptions and impressions of an organization by the public as a result of interaction with the organization and the way the organization presents itself. Organizations have traditionally focused on the design of communication and advertise materials, using logos, symbols, text, and color to create a favorable impression on target groups, but a variety of additional a ctivities contribute to a positive corporate image these include PR programs.(CBS interactional Business Network) fix (the way the consumer perceive you or in simple words corporate image) of a company is affected byPerformance of an organizationFeatures of products or servicesShape of firms offeringDistribution channel usedLocation of a company offices and outletsCountries of origin i.e. the country where organizations headquarter are located. For example France is famous for perfumes so some company office is there so it is obvious that people will perceive it in a positive manner. This factor has been discussed deeply by famous Harvard professor Michael E Porter in his book Competitive Advantage of Nations.A company that mismanages or ignores its image is likely to resonate a variety of problems. Reputation problems grow like weed in a garden, Davis Young wrote in his book Building Your Companys Good Name. Four types of positioning error can occurUnder positioning in this condi tion firm is not able to portray full benefits of its offerings.Over Positioning in such status quo company narrow its image in the mind of consumers.Confused Positioning consumers are confused that what does this company really offers and to whom.Doubtful Positioning in this situation buyers are skeptical that whether whatever the company is saying is true or not.Repeat purchase This term is referred to the notion when customer buys the same brand purchased by him on the previous occasion also called repurchase. Brand loyalty can be calculated by a pattern of repeat purchases. For retaining (repeat purchasing) so that consumers buy your product again and again the business should produce better product then their competitors.P-5 Review and evaluate different type of market seek techniques?Marketing research is a systematic design of collection, analysis and reporting of data in order to improve management decision by providing relevant, accurate, and timely (RAT) information.(Aak er, Kumar and Day, 2005 p.no.1)Marketing researchers prosecute different kinds of research techniques in order to meet their research objective. The following are different kinds of marketing research techniques which are discussed and evaluated in detail belowQualitative marketing research techniquesObservational marketing research techniqueDifferent surveys techniques (Quantitative methods)ExperimentationQualitative marketing research techniques These methods are less structures and more flexible. Data poised from these kind of marketing research techniques is very rich and deep because of the longer and flexible relationship with the respondents which implies more chances of new insights and perspectives. There are three main areas where these techniques can be engaged.Exploratory defining the problem, suggesting hypothesis etc.Orientation learning more about consumer real motives the way the think.Clinical having and insight in to such issues that otherwise is might not be p ossible to know with structured research methods.So for the following qualitative marketing research techniques have been identified and employed by researchers.Individual in-depth interviewsFocus group sessionProjective techniquesIndividual in-depth interviews These types of interviews are employed by having a face to face contact with the respondents in which an issue is discussed in great details. There are two basic types of individual in depth interviews which are nondirective and semi structured. In nondirective interviews the interviewee is given full freedom to respond within the limits of issue under discussion, such sessions are one to two hour long. In semi structured interviews the researcher attempt to explore only those area which are on his list. The time and exact wording are pre decided for each question to be discussed.AdvantagesStudies can be conducted in remote area through telephone in depth interview.Data gathered is rich and deep because of the time consumed.F ocus on research issue.More value it helps the researcher to find unconscious motivational factors.Semi structured interviews are very flexible to interview busy executive because time and wording is pre decided.DisadvantagesTime consuming because most of time these sessions are conducted for 1 to 2 hours. bother regarding record keeping most of people especially executives dont like tape recorders.As very few people are considered for the research so it means a poor representative of the whole populationThis type of techniques requires very skilled researcher which might become a problem in some situations.Focus group sessions It is the process of attaining possible idea or solutions to a marketing issue from a group of people by discussing it. The basic elements which makes a focus group session successful or flop is group interaction on a chain of topics introduced by a moderator. The group include consists of five to nine members who are encouraged to express their opinion on th e issue, and to further explain or react with the views of other respondents. The main aim is similar to unstructured interview but the moderator plays a more inactive role in the discussion.AdvantagesIt provides more encouragement than an in depth interview which results in new perspectives.People speak out in these sessions because of a sense of security by being in a crowd (group behavior).More depth as it names explains that these session are focused on one issue which means more value and deepness in the data.Sparking some time one person views sparks a new idea in another respondents mind which is unlikely to happen in depth interviews.DisadvantagesTime consuming as these sessions are conducted for 2 to 3 hours.Again the respondents selected might not a better representation of the population.Poorly conducted session leads towards wrong results which mean waste of time and moneyIts comprise is very high.Analysis and interpretation of the data collected is very complex because of dispersion in the respondents opinions.Projective techniques This technique is employed by presenting an ambiguous, unstructured object, activity, or person that a respondent is asked to explain. Respondents involvement is directly proportional to level of ambiguity which will result in hidden motives and feeling. This technique become a part of whole research design when it is expected that a populations sample will not or cannot respond expressively to a direct questions about the reason for certain behavior and about the motives behind buying certain products. It has different kinds for example word association, picture interpretation, case studies etc.AdvantagesIt is used by researchers where other techniques cannot be used to obtain the research objective i.e. it helps to determine hidden consumer motives.By using this technique a marketer can identify opportunities for really new functions in any product category.The word association technique has been very useful for obt aining responses to potential brand names.Strong control on research information as it is a simulation test so it wholly depends upon the researcher that where he want to take the research.DisadvantagesVery difficult to employ because of its complexities and skill requirement for the researcher.It might be very hard find the right persons for these tests.It might not be possible to employ this research method in some parts of the world because of the technology requirement for these tests. appraisal taken from (Aaker, Kumar and Day, marketing research, 2005)Observational marketing research technique Observational research or field research is research technique that involves the direct musing of people in their natural setting. There are many types of observational methods which have been identified and implemented by researchers. These methods have yielded very good results. Some organization believe very much in observational methods for example Swedish home appliances maker Elec trolux.These techniques are widely used in retail store audits, shelf space audit etc. its different kinds are direct observation, contrived observation, Content analysis, Physical trace methods, etc. These methods are limited to providing information on current behavior. Due to this strong argument many researchers do not use these methods. However there are some strong reasons that why observational research should be used in overall research design. Some of the reasons are as followCausal observation is an important exploratory research technique. Organization managers constantly observe factors such as competitive prices and advertising activities the length of lines of buyer waiting to buy products of that particular company and read trade journal in order identify threats and opportunities.Systematic observation can be fruitful addition to other research methods. For example during a personal interview if a researcher observe the respondents race, his neighborhood, and other c onditions under which he lives so it this data can supplement his analysis .It can be some time the most effect way to check the strong point of some activities. For example it can help a researcher to observe in store traffic pattern, check the effectiveness of in store advertising etc.AdvantagesIt is probably the less expensive if compared with other research methods.The data achieved through this method is most accurate because the consumers is un-aware that he is been observed so every(prenominal) action is original.Some time the observation is the only method that can employed. This is the case with infant children they are not able to clearly identify their choices so observing them is the only choice.Physical trace method tough used very rarely is also sometimes the only option left. For example if someone want to measure the amount of Alcohol consumed in Peshawar so it can only measured by counting the bottles in carbides because officially Alcohol is not allowed for sale in Peshawar.DisadvantagesObservational methods only observe current behavior they cannot observe human motives, attitudes, or indentations.It may be sometimes very pricey and time consuming if there is a sample problems of the research is supposed to highly subjective.It cannot be used to study cognitive or affective variables.Idea taken from (Aaker, Kumar and Day, marketing research, 2005)Different surveys techniques (Quantitative methods) Following are the different kinds of survey techniquesPersonal interviewingTelephone interviewingMail surveysWeb surveysPersonal interviewing It is characterized by the interaction of the four elements the researchers, the interviewers, the interviewee and the interview environment. While a personal interview the interviewer interact with interviewee and at the same time affect on another in an interview environment. opening to door interviews, executives interviews, Mall intercept surveys self- administrated questionnaires, etc are the types o f this kind of techniques.AdvantagesInterest can created in the start through face to face interaction with respondents which will enlarge the participation rate.This mode of research can very useful when respondents are asked complex questions. This problem can be eliminated by showing him pictorial aids.It is the most feasible option when large amount of data is required and the questionnaires contain complex questions.This type of method has got more flexibility. Some questions can be skipped by the researcher in order to save time if needed.DisadvantagesPersonal interviews are time consuming.It cost a lot as it is administrated for large samples.Because of time and cost expenditures per person it cost more than mail or telephone surveys.Telephone interviewing It is generally more like personal interviewing expect some elements are unique. Its process includes selecting the telephone numbers, the call outcomes, the introduction, when to call and call reports. This is gradually b ecoming the widespread method for obtaining information from large sample.AdvantagesIt has got more operational flexibility as it can administrated from central place in appropriate hours or from the examiner home.It less time consuming as more interviews can be conducted in less time.Time can be better utilized for example if the survey is based on teenagers so one can call on that time on which they are expected to be at home.It is more efficient than other metho

Red Badge Of Courage Essay -- essays research papers

Death, Blood and Destruction     The Red Badge of Courage, a Civil War novel by Stephen Crane, may be examined on various levels. One of those levels is a story about the cruelty and disasters of war. Young total heat Flemming, the protagonist, has dreamed his whole life of being in the multitude and despite his mothers discouragement, he enlists with a Union regiment. Soon learning that the army is a big bore, Henry begins to view himself "merely as a musical composition of a vast blue demonstration". Clearly, Henry does not know why he is going to fight, he just knows that he is part of a large group of men. As the novel unfolds, it is plain that Crane is writing about the horrors and tragedies of war, even by using the idea of contrasting the events of the war with nature. Although many an(prenominal) critics have viewed the book as a naturalistic or realistic novel, some specific examples can describe how it relates to the anti-war theme. &nbs p        As Henry is on curb duty one evening, he converses across the river with a Confederate soldier. "The youth liked him personally," says Crane. Henrys feeling towards his enemy shows that he is unclear about the wars purpose. At this post Henry probably would like to flee home. Henry is seeing the enemy as real and humane. He then describes how he feels shame about the war. Henry definitely knows that the war is wrong and that the people that have died and the soldier...

Theme of Self Confidence in Literature Essay -- Literature Theme Analy

Theme of ego Confidence in LiteratureSpirit of self shows self agency. In the stories of The Life of a Slave by Frederick Douglass and The Invisible Man (The cashier, The Battle Royale) by Ralph Ellison with shorts stories of Black Elk Speaks (High cater, Crazy Horse and Pipe Boyhood) Translated by Jim Neidhardt all(prenominal) have characteristics of self confidence. Self Confidence comes from the spirit of self which is the belief of what you have, the essence that keeps you going and the ability to persevere when others do not. These stories contain a narrator and a story of their prehistoric experiences. In Black Elk Speaks, several of his short stories (Crazy Horse, Early Boyhood and The Offering of the Pipe) tells us about Black Elks experience as a Native American and how his Native tribe has gone through a lot to fight against their enemy, the wasichus. Theyve been fighting for their right, their freedom except in the offering of the pipe, he tells the story of how a b eautiful lady gave a pipe to the chief and it contains nothing but good coming out of it. Another short story called High Horse Courting is about how High Horse is deeply in love with a beautiful Native American and to get the girl in any(prenominal) possible way. The Life of a Slave is about the livelihood of Frederick Douglass and how Mr. Covey treats him as a slave when he is young. Lastly, the Narrator from the Battle Royale is about the Narrator wanting to achieve his dream to orate his speech to the people and get a scholarship to a college where he achieves his dream for his future, but first he is told to fight in a ring with a bunch of strong, tall people being blindfold and win in order to get his wish. only of these stories contain characteristics which h... ...he definition of Spirit of Self. These stories show perseverance, a belief of purpose. They show Self Confidence, belief of yourself and your own abilities and Lastly, they show essence, to characterize or iden tify something. These characteristics all achieves their dream and never wanting to stop. There are people in the world try to stop on what you want to do in life but their soul, mind and imagination they drive to be where they want to be. Its not all about having everything in the world nor having money and success that a authorized person dont deserve. Its about you gaining your goal, achieving your dream and drive to get where you want to be. Thats how Spirit of Self concludes. Itll always remain its placed definition the belief of self confidence you have in you, your essence that keeps you going in the world and the ability to persevere when others dont.